Hepatitis B is a serious viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It primarily affects the liver and can lead to a wide range of liver-related complications, from acute illness to chronic conditions such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B is a significant global health concern due to its prevalence and potential for severe outcomes.

HBV is transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and other bodily fluids. Common modes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles or personal items contaminated with infected blood, and transmission from an infected mother to her newborn during childbirth. The virus can also spread through close household contact.

Symptoms of acute hepatitis B can include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fatigue, abdominal pain, dark urine, and joint pain. While some individuals recover from acute infection, others develop chronic hepatitis B, which can lead to long-term liver damage and increase the risk of liver cancer.

Prevention is key, and vaccination is a highly effective measure to protect against hepatitis B. It is recommended for all infants, as well as for individuals at risk due to factors such as healthcare work, close contact with infected individuals, or travel to regions with high HBV prevalence.

Early diagnosis and appropriate medical management are crucial for individuals with hepatitis B to monitor liver health, reduce the risk of complications, and prevent further transmission of the virus.