HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a complex viral infection that affects millions of people worldwide. It primarily targets and compromises the immune system, specifically CD4 cells (T cells), which play a crucial role in defending the body against infections. Left untreated, HIV can lead to a condition known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), where the immune system becomes severely damaged, rendering the individual vulnerable to a wide range of opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV is primarily transmitted through contact with specific body fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk, from an infected person. Common modes of transmission include unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles or syringes among intravenous drug users, and mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding.

Early diagnosis of HIV is essential. Advances in medical treatment, particularly antiretroviral therapy (ART), have transformed HIV into a manageable chronic condition. ART suppresses viral replication, preserves immune function, and greatly improves the overall health and lifespan of individuals living with HIV.

Prevention strategies are critical to curbing the spread of HIV and include practicing safe sex, using clean needles, and offering pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to individuals at high risk. Additionally, regular HIV testing, raising awareness, and addressing stigma and discrimination are vital components of the global response to HIV/AIDS. While there is no cure for HIV, continued research and efforts to expand access to testing and treatment offer hope for the future.